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Benefits of horizontal integration to both the firm and society may include economies of scale and economies of scope. For the firm, horizontal integration may provide a strengthened presence in the reference market. [5] This means that with the merger, two firms would then be able to produce more revenue than one firm alone.
These integration mechanisms are defined as meta-integration, vertical integration, and horizontal integration. Meta-integration is based on the management and business philosophy which defines the company's consideration of and relation to its stakeholders’ values.
Horizontal integration can result in economies of scale, economies of density [1] and be anti-competitive. When two companies with similar products or product characteristics merge horizontally, there is less competition. Horizontal mergers can also easily lead to a monopoly, reducing consumers' choices and indirectly harming consumers' interests.
The Robin Hood Plan is a colloquialism given to a provision of Texas Senate Bill 7 (73rd Texas Legislature) (the provision is officially referred to as "recapture"), originally enacted by the U.S. state of Texas in 1993 (and revised frequently since then) to provide equity of school financing within all school districts in the state of Texas.
Desegregating Texas Schools: Eisenhower, Shivers, and the Crisis at Mansfield High (University of Texas Press, 1996) Rice, Lawrence D. The Negro in Texas, 1874–1900 (1971), pp 209–239. San Miguel, Guadalupe. Brown, not white: School integration and the Chicano movement in Houston (Texas A&M University Press, 2005) online. Shabazz, Amilcar.
Horizontal integration, when a company increases production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain and in the same industry (e.g via internal expansion, acquisition or merger) Vertical integration, when the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company (i.e. integration of multiple stages of production)
The APR includes updates on progress in meeting the invitation priorities in the approved plans (innovations for improving early learning outcomes; expansion and adaptation of statewide longitudinal data systems; P-20 coordination, vertical and horizontal alignment; and school-level conditions for reform, innovation, and learning).
Brown, Not White: School Integration and the Chicano Movement in Houston is a 2005 book by Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr., published by the Texas A&M University Press. Brown, Not White discusses Chicano activism in Houston, Texas during the 20th century.