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Normality is defined as the number of gram or mole equivalents of solute present in one liter of solution.The SI unit of normality is equivalents per liter (Eq/L). = where N is normality, m sol is the mass of solute in grams, EW sol is the equivalent weight of solute, and V soln is the volume of the entire solution in liters.
1) to help visualize ionically related waters from which a flow path can be determined, or; 2) if the flow path is known, to show how the ionic composition of a water body changes over space and/or time. Example of a Stiff diagram. A typical Stiff diagram is shown in the figure (right).
The solution has 1 mole or 1 equiv Na +, 1 mole or 2 equiv Ca 2+, and 3 mole or 3 equiv Cl −. An earlier definition, used especially for chemical elements , holds that an equivalent is the amount of a substance that will react with 1 g (0.035 oz) of hydrogen , 8 g (0.28 oz) of oxygen , or 35.5 g (1.25 oz) of chlorine —or that will displace ...
Alkalinity is typically reported as mg/L as CaCO 3. (The conjunction "as" is appropriate in this case because the alkalinity results from a mixture of ions but is reported "as if" all of this is due to CaCO 3.) This can be converted into milliequivalents per Liter (meq/L) by dividing by 50 (the approximate MW of CaCO 3 divided by 2).
Modern analyzers use ion-selective electrodes which give a normal anion gap as <11 mEq/L. Therefore, according to the new classification system, a high anion gap is anything above 11 mEq/L. A normal anion gap is often defined as being within the prediction interval of 3–11 mEq/L, [8] with an average estimated at 6 mEq/L. [9]
The molar ionic strength, I, of a solution is a function of the concentration of all ions present in that solution. [3]= = where one half is because we are including both cations and anions, c i is the molar concentration of ion i (M, mol/L), z i is the charge number of that ion, and the sum is taken over all ions in the solution.
Since one degree KH = 17.848 mg/L CaCO 3, this solution has a KH of 4.0052 degrees. Carbonate hardness should not be confused with a similar measure Carbonate Alkalinity which is expressed in either [milli[equivalent]s] per litre (meq/L) or ppm. Carbonate hardness expressed in ppm does not necessarily equal carbonate alkalinity expressed in ppm.
RSC is expressed in meq/L units. RSC should not be higher than 1 and preferably less than +0.5 for considering the water use for irrigation. [5] The formula for calculating RSC index is: RSC index = [HCO 3 + CO 3] − [Ca + Mg] RSC index = HCO 3 /61 + CO 3 /30 – Ca/20 – Mg/12 (in case the ionic concentrations are measured in mg/L or ppm as ...