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Rossoliński-Liebe sees "genocide", in this context, as a word that is sometimes used in political attacks on Ukraine. [221] However, historian Grzegorz Motyka, an expert on Polish-Ukrainian issues, argued in 2021 that "although the anti-Polish action was an ethnic cleansing, it also meets the definition of genocide". [222]
Olszański notes that in pre-war Poland, a Ukrainian nationalist movement could develop relatively freely even in the most radical forms, including the use of terror, and that the Polish state wasn't able to solve the problems concerning coexistence of Poles and Ukrainians, which resulted in popularization of nationalist and communist movements ...
Former and present members of the Polish Socialist Party and other non-communist Polish political parties. All prisoners of war from the Polish-Soviet war remaining in the Soviet Union. Members of the Polish Military Organisation listed in the special list. All "clerical elements" having, or having had, some kind of connection with Poland.
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, [3] along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, [4] included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles.
The Law and Justice party views the Jedwabne pogrom, in which hundreds of Jews were killed by Poles, as the center of a "pedagogy of shame". [1]The program of the Polish Law and Justice (PiS) party has chapters on "identity" (tożsamość) and "history policy" (polityka historyczna, which has sometimes been translated "literally" as "politics of history"). [2]
In the 1980s, the German philosopher and historian Ernst Nolte claimed that in 1939 Poland was engaged in a campaign of genocide against its ethnic German minority, and has strongly implied that the German invasion in 1939, and all of the subsequent German atrocities in Poland during World War II were in essence justified acts of retaliation. [85]
For the first time in history, these three categories of crimes were defined after the end of the war in international law as violations of fundamental human values and norms, regardless of internal (local) law or the obligation to follow superior orders. In subsequent years, the crime of genocide was elevated to a distinct, fourth category.
The territory of Poland was reduced by approximately 20 percent. [189] Before the end of 1946 some 1.8 million Polish citizens were expelled and forcibly resettled within the new borders. [187] [188] For the first time in its history Poland became a homogeneous one nation-state by force, with the national wealth reduced by 38 percent. Poland's ...