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Total fatty matter (TFM) is one of the most important characteristics describing the quality of soap and is always specified in commercial transactions. It is defined as the total amount of fatty matter, mostly fatty acids, that can be separated from a sample after splitting with a mineral acid, usually hydrochloric acid.
A handmade soap bar Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical ingredient found in bar soaps Emulsifying action of soap on oil. Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. [1]
Calcium stearate is produced by heating stearic acid and calcium oxide: . 2 C 17 H 35 COOH + CaO → (C 17 H 35 COO) 2 Ca + H 2 O. It is also the main component of soap scum, a white solid that forms when soap is mixed with hard water.
Potassium hydroxide soaps are softer and more easily dissolved in water than sodium hydroxide soaps. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are not interchangeable in either the proportions required or the properties produced in making soaps. [citation needed] "Hot process" soap making also uses lye as the main ingredient.
Using soap helps dissolve many water-insoluble substances, like fats and oils, making them washable with water. In most cases, hard soaps or products based on them are used for handwashing because they exhibit an alkaline ( pH value above 7) nature and can irritate the skin when in contact with mucous membranes.
For example, shark oil is not suitable for soap making as it may contain more than 10% of unsaponifiable matter. [ 11 ] For edible oils, the tolerated limit of unsaponifiable matter is 1.5% (olive, refined soybean), while inferior quality crude or pomace oil could reach 3%.
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