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Secondary storage is non-volatile (retaining data when its power is shut off). Modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage because secondary storage is less expensive. In modern computers, hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are usually used as secondary storage.
Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Drums were widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s as computer memory . Many early computers, called drum computers or drum machines, used drum memory as the main working memory of the computer. [ 3 ]
The term memory is often synonymous with the terms RAM, main memory, or primary storage. Archaic synonyms for main memory include core (for magnetic core memory) and store. [3] Main memory operates at a high speed compared to mass storage which is slower but less expensive per bit and higher in capacity.
An illustration of the write amplification phenomenon in flash-based storage devices. Over time, advancements in central processing unit (CPU) speed has driven innovation in secondary storage technology. [7] One such innovation, flash memory, is a non-volatile storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
RAM drives use normal system memory as if it were a partition on a physical hard drive rather than accessing the data bus normally used for secondary storage. Though RAM drives can often be supported directly in the operating system via special mechanisms in the OS kernel , it is generally simpler to access a RAM drive through a virtual device ...
Main memory (Primary storage) – GiB [citation needed] [original research] in size. Best access speed is around 10 GB/s. [9] In the case of a NUMA machine, access times may not be uniform; Disk storage (Secondary storage) – Terabytes in size. As of 2017, best access speed is from a consumer solid state drive is about 2000 MB/s [10]
The memory storage capacity for M number of address lines is given by 2 M, which is usually in power of two: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 and measured in kilobits, megabits, gigabits or terabits, etc. As of 2014 the largest semiconductor memory chips hold a few gigabits of data, but higher capacity memory is constantly being developed.
A direct-access storage device (DASD) (pronounced / ˈ d æ z d iː /) is a secondary storage device in which "each physical record has a discrete location and a unique address". The term was coined by IBM to describe devices that allowed random access to data, the main examples being drum memory and hard disk drives. [1]
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