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Decentralization strategies must account for the interrelations of global, regional, national, sub-national, and local levels. [37] Diversity. Norman L. Johnson writes that diversity plays an important role in decentralized systems like ecosystems, social groups, large organizations, political systems. "Diversity is defined to be unique ...
Decentralized decision-making, Malone says, tends to create less rigidity and flatter hierarchies in organizations. When upper management delegates decision-making responsibilities, there also exist wider spans of control among managers, creating a more lateral flow of information.
Holacracy is a method of decentralized management and organizational governance, which claims to distribute authority and decision-making through a holarchy of self-organizing teams rather than being vested in a management hierarchy. [1] [2] Holacracy has been adopted by for-profit and non-profit organizations in several countries. [3]
Decentralised systems are intricately linked to the idea of self-organisation—a phenomenon in which local interactions between components of a system establish order and coordination to achieve global goals without a central commanding influence.
When employees participate in the decision-making process, they may improve understanding and perceptions among colleagues and superiors, and enhance personnel value in the organization. Participatory decision-making by the top management team can ensure the completeness of decision-making and may increase team member commitment to final decisions.
The function of human resources management is to provide the employees with the capability to manage: healthcare, record keeping, promotion and advancement, benefits, compensation, etc. The function, in terms of the employers benefit, is to create a management system to achieve long-term goals and plans.
The term new public management (NPM) expresses the idea that the cumulative flow of policy decisions over the past twenty years has amounted to a substantial shift in the governance and management of the "state sector" in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Scandinavia, North America, and Latin America. [8]
Employees have more independence therefore may take more responsibility and pride in their work. Employees feel like an integral component towards the organization and therefore have more pride, motivation, and incentive to fulfill the project. [8] [9] Negative effects participatory management has that can lead to negative employee perceptions: