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  2. Round-off error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error

    Round-by-chop: The base-expansion of is truncated after the ()-th digit. This rounding rule is biased because it always moves the result toward zero. Round-to-nearest: () is set to the nearest floating-point number to . When there is a tie, the floating-point number whose last stored digit is even (also, the last digit, in binary form, is equal ...

  3. Binomial proportion confidence interval - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_proportion...

    The probability density function (PDF) for the Wilson score interval, plus PDF s at interval bounds. Tail areas are equal. Since the interval is derived by solving from the normal approximation to the binomial, the Wilson score interval ( , + ) has the property of being guaranteed to obtain the same result as the equivalent z-test or chi-squared test.

  4. Overpressure ammunition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition

    Speer Gold Dot 124gr 9mm+P in SIG P226 magazines. Overpressure ammunition, commonly designated as +P or +P+ (pronounced Plus-P or Plus-P-Plus), is small arms ammunition that has been loaded to produce a higher internal pressure when fired than is standard for ammunition of its caliber (see internal ballistics), but less than the pressures generated by a proof round.

  5. Binomial distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_distribution

    He considered the case where p = r/(r + s) where p is the probability of success and r and s are positive integers. Blaise Pascal had earlier considered the case where p = 1/2, tabulating the corresponding binomial coefficients in what is now recognized as Pascal's triangle. [45]

  6. p-chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-chart

    The binomial distribution is the basis for the p-chart and requires the following assumptions: [2]: 267 The probability of nonconformity p is the same for each unit; Each unit is independent of its predecessors or successors; The inspection procedure is the same for each sample and is carried out consistently from sample to sample

  7. Pearson's chi-squared test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson's_chi-squared_test

    The p-value of the test statistic is computed either numerically or by looking it up in a table. If the p-value is small enough (usually p < 0.05 by convention), then the null hypothesis is rejected, and we conclude that the observed data does not follow the multinomial distribution.

  8. Monty Hall problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem

    The game host then opens one of the other doors, say 3, to reveal a goat and offers to let the player switch from door 1 to door 2. The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal and named after its original host, Monty Hall.

  9. Bayes' theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes'_theorem

    P (A), the prior, is the initial degree of belief in A. P (A | B), the posterior, is the degree of belief after incorporating news that B is true. the quotient ⁠ P(B | A) / P(B) ⁠ represents the support B provides for A. For more on the application of Bayes' theorem under the Bayesian interpretation of probability, see Bayesian inference.