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Catenulida is an order of flatworms in the classical classification, or a class of flatworms in a phylogenetic approach. [2] They are relatively small free-living flatworms, inhabiting freshwater and marine environments. There are about 100 species described worldwide, but the simple anatomy makes species distinction problematic. [2]
These flatworms are benthic and diurnal. Because of their aposematic colors, they have no fear to crawl around to feed. Pseudoceros ferrugineus feeds on various colonial ascidians .
Free-living flatworms are mostly predators, and live in water or in shaded, humid terrestrial environments, such as leaf litter. Cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) have complex life-cycles, with mature stages that live as parasites in the digestive systems of fish or land vertebrates , and intermediate stages that infest secondary hosts.
Bipalium species are predatory.Some species prey on earthworms, while others may also feed on mollusks. [10] [11] These flatworms can track their prey. [12]When captured, earthworms begin to react to the attack, but the flatworm uses the muscles in its body, as well as sticky secretions, to attach itself to the earthworm to prevent escape.
Pseudoceros are simultaneous hermaphrodites [9] and reproduce sexually via random hypodermic insemination through the body tissue. [10] These organisms participate in penis fencing, [9] which is a behavior where the flatworms use their extended penises to stab and inseminate the other, while avoiding becoming inseminated themselves.
Cratera hina is a flatworm that can reach up to 60 mm in length. The dorsal side of the body consists of a lateral black band on each side of the body and a median orange band. The dorsal side of the body consists of a lateral black band on each side of the body and a median orange band.
The female antrum is deep and wide with a narrow and short vagina surrounded by the cement glands." [1] ... "Marine Flatworms",CSIRO publishing,2003,ISBN ...
Pseudocerotidae is a family of flatworms which includes the Bedford's flatworm. Pseudocerotidae are simple organisms categorized by their oval bodies and tentacles [7] and bright colors. They use the cilia to glide along surfaces. [8] Most commonly referred to as marine flatworms, closely related to the orders Macrostomorpha and Lecithoepitheliata.