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The endosteum (pl.: endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition , resulting in less cortical thickness.
The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity.
Osteoblasts are found in large numbers in the periosteum, the thin connective tissue layer on the outside surface of bones, and in the endosteum. Normally, almost all of the bone matrix, in the air breathing vertebrates, is mineralized by the osteoblasts. Before the organic matrix is mineralized, it is called the osteoid.
The endosteum is the boundary between the cortical bone and the cancellous bone. [11] ... can be found in almost any bone that holds cancellous tissue.
Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage. Bone is an active tissue composed of different cells. Osteoblasts are involved in the creation and mineralisation of bone; osteocytes and osteoclasts are involved in the reabsorption of bone tissue.
The endosteum and periosteum are well-delineated in the cortex, and minor patches of coarse compact cancellous bone (dense spongy-textured bone) can be found along the inner edge of the periosteum. The medullary cavity is large and vascular canals are simple, rare, and entirely longitudinal (lengthwise in orientation) wherever they occur.
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Scattered Haversian canals are also found in ectotherms like cryptodire turtles. [6] Among extinct groups, dense Haversian vascularization is only present in stem-birds (dinosaurs) and stem-mammals (therapsids) [ 7 ] while scattered Haversian systems can be found in ichthyosaurs , phytosaurs , basal stem-mammals (e.g. Ophiacodon ), Limnoscelis ...