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Google Scholar (and similar scholarly search services) and Sci-Hub (and similar scholarly shadow libraries) have also been pointed to as examples of democratization of knowledge. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Open Library 's and HathiTrust 's digitization efforts and their use of the controlled digital lending model are also examples of democratization of knowledge.
The Internet has played a critical role in modern life as a typical feature of most Western households, and has been key in the democratization of knowledge.It not only constitutes arguably the most critical innovation in this trend thus far; it has also allowed users to gain knowledge of and access to other technologies.
Examples include: India, Japan, Indonesia, Namibia, Botswana, Taiwan, and South Korea. Research finds that "Western-educated leaders significantly and substantively improve a country's democratization prospects".
Open science is the movement to make scientific research (including publications, data, physical samples, and software) and its dissemination accessible to all levels of society, amateur or professional. [2] [3] Open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks. [4]
Liberalization or liberalisation (British English) is a broad term that refers to the practice of making laws, systems, or opinions less severe, [1] usually in the sense of eliminating certain government regulations or restrictions.
Democratic backsliding [a] is a process of regime change toward autocracy in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and repressive. [24] [25] [26] The process typically restricts the space for public contest and political participation in the process of government selection.
There are many philosophical and historical theories as to how scientific consensus changes over time. Because the history of scientific change is extremely complicated, and because there is a tendency to project "winners" and "losers" onto the past in relation to the current scientific consensus, it is very difficult to come up with accurate and rigorous models for scientific change. [17]
In political science, the waves of democracy or waves of democratization are major surges of democracy that have occurred in history. Although the term appears at least as early as 1887, [1] it was popularized by Samuel P. Huntington, a political scientist at Harvard University, in his article published in the Journal of Democracy and further expounded in his 1991 book, The Third Wave ...