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CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) is a protein complex and T cell co-receptor that is involved in activating both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells). [1]
The CD nomenclature was proposed and established in the 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA), held in Paris in 1982. [4] [5] This system was intended for the classification of the many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated by different laboratories around the world against epitopes on the surface molecules of leukocytes (white blood cells).
Neuropilin-1 (NP-1), NRP1 or BDCA-4, has a wide range of functions. On neurons, it is a receptor for axon growth guidance class-3 semaphorins SEMA3A and plexin-1, on endothelial and some tumor cells it is a VEGF 165 receptor, and on plasmacytoid dendritic cells it has a similar role to CD303 but does not decrease interferon production upon ...
D 1 and D 3 resemble immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domains. D 2 and D 4 resemble immunoglobulin constant (IgC) domains. The immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain of D 1 adopts an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich fold with seven β-strands in two β-sheets, in a Greek key topology. [8] CD4 interacts with the β 2-domain of MHC class II molecules ...
CD163 is the high affinity scavenger receptor for the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex [6] and in the absence of haptoglobin - with lower affinity - for hemoglobin alone. [7] It also is a marker of cells from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. [8] CD163 functions as innate immune sensor for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
[1] [2] CD16 has been identified as Fc receptors FcγRIIIa (CD16a) and FcγRIIIb (CD16b), which participate in signal transduction. [3] The most well-researched membrane receptor implicated in triggering lysis by NK cells, CD16 is a molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). [ 4 ]
CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells.CD1 glycoproteins are structurally related to the class I MHC molecules, however, in contrast to MHC class 1 proteins, they present lipids, glycolipids and small molecules antigens, from both endogenous and pathogenic proteins, to T cells and activate an immune ...
These are not the only molecules that can transverse the blood–brain barrier; glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide are not lipid-soluble but are actively transported across the barrier, to support the normal cellular function of the brain. [3] The fact that molecules have to fully transverse the endothelial cells makes them a perfect barricade ...