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The Code sets out regulations for shipping in the polar regions, principally relating to ice navigation and ship design. The international framework aims to protect the two polar regions — the Arctic (north pole region) and Antarctic (south pole region), from maritime risks. [2] The Code entered into force on 1 January 2017. [2] [3] [4]
Ice navigation occurs wherever a waterborne vessel transits through sea ice.One of the more common regions for ice navigation is the Baltic Sea, where vessels visiting the Baltic States will make their way through first year ice in the winter months, often with an icebreaker, or with ice reports, charts and data provided by meteorological offices.
Corresponding ice thickness in the WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature [4] PC 1 Year-round operation in all polar waters Not defined PC 2 Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions Up to 3.0 m (9.8 ft) or more PC 3 Year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions Up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and sometimes more PC 4
One of the varieties of ice navigation vessels are double-acting ships. To move through the ice, they use the combined effect of the ice-breaking shape of the ship's stern and the effect of the propellers on the ice. [14] These vessels may have the usual bulbous bow and may be capable of moving in ice only astern. Since ice sailing astern also ...
Pages for iOS 1.7.1 introduced better compatibility with Word and Pages for Mac, and version 1.7.2, released on March 7, 2013, merely added stability improvements and bug fixes. On October 23, 2013, Apple released a redesign with Pages 5.0 and made it free for anyone with an iOS device.
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In official context and legislation, the ice classes are usually spelled with Roman numerals, e.g. IA. [3] Classification societies may sometimes use somewhat different distinguishing marks for Finnish-Swedish ice classes; for example, 1A Super is defined as Ice Class I AA by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) and ICE(1A*) by DNV GL. [4]
Celestial navigation is available to Inuit travellers, although the time that navigation technique is available is limited by the variability of night-time through the year and other factors. [3] Cloudy and blizzard conditions and the light of the aurora borealis limit its use. [4] Snow that was kept airborne by the wind, created a type of fog.