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Earlier scholars believed that Kanishka ascended the Kushan throne in 78 CE, and that this date was used as the beginning of the Saka calendar era. However, historians no longer regard this date as that of Kanishka's accession. Falk estimates that Kanishka came to the throne in 127 CE. [9]
The connection of Vima Kadphises with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription, which Kanishka wrote. Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time: Kujula Kadphises as his great-grandfather, Vima Taktu as his grandfather, Vima Kadphises as his father, and himself Kanishka:
His heavy coat and riding boots are typically nomadic Central Asian and are way too heavy for the warm climate of India. [16] His coat is decorated by hundreds of pearls, which probably symbolize his wealth. [16] His grandiose regnal title is inscribed with the Brahmi script: "The Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Kanishka". [1] [16]
The Rabatak Inscription is a stone inscribed with text written in the Bactrian language and Greek script, found in 1993 at Rabatak, near Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan.The inscription relates to the rule of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, and gives remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty.
Kanishka's war with Parthia was a war that may have taken place between Kanishka I of the Kushan Empire and the Parthians. The king of Parthia is said to have attacked Kanishka I and been defeated in battle. [5] [6] [8]
A previously more common view was that the beginning of the Shaka era corresponds to the ascension of Kanishka I in 78 CE. [3] However, the latest research by Henry Falk indicated that Kanishka ascended the throne in 127 CE. [7] Moreover, Kanishka was not a Shaka, but a Kushana ruler. [8]
The first ran in October 2003 for 51 episodes with changes made from the manga and it was followed by a film sequel in 2005. [10] [11] [12] In April 2009, Bones started running a new 64 episode anime adaptation directly based on the manga entitled Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood for the North American release. [13]
In addition, an animated movie ("Third Stage") and five OVAs ("Extra Stage" with two episodes, "Battle Stage", "Battle Stage 2" and "Battle Stage 3") based on the manga have been produced. Seven hundred and nineteen chapters have been collected into forty-eight tankÅbon and published in Japan by Kodansha .