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2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1

   Mid-range IGF-1 levels are associated with the lowest mortality. A synthetic analog of IGF-1, mecasermin, is used for the treatment of growth failure in children with severe IGF-1 deficiency. [15] Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a metabolite of hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). It has a cyclic structure, lipophilic nature, and is ...

3. Insulin-like growth factor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor

   Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2, at times IGF-II) is thought to be a primary growth factor required for early development while IGF-1 expression is required for achieving maximal growth. Gene knockout studies in mice have confirmed this, though other animals are likely to regulate the expression of these genes in distinct ways.

4. Sarcopenia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopenia

   Growth hormone increases muscle protein synthesis and increases muscle mass, but does not lead to gains in strength and function in most studies. [42] This, and the similar lack of efficacy of its effector insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), may be due to local resistance to IGF-1 in aging muscle, resulting from inflammation and other age ...

5. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor...

   IGF-1 binds to IGFBP-3 in a 1:1 molar ratio. IGF-BP also binds to IGF-1 inside the liver, allowing growth hormone to continuously act upon the liver to produce more IGF-1. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are proteins of 24 to 45 kDa. All six IGFBPs share 50% homology with each other and have binding affinities for IGF-I and IGF-II at the same ...

6. Growth factor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factor

   Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) Interleukins IL-1- Cofactor for IL-3 and IL-6. Activates T cells. IL-2 – T-cell growth factor. Stimulates IL-1 synthesis. Activates B-cells and NK cells. IL-3 – Stimulates production of all non-lymphoid cells. IL-4 – Growth factor for activated B cells, resting T ...

7. Growth hormone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone

   GH also stimulates, through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, [39] the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, formerly known as somatomedin C), a hormone homologous to proinsulin. [40] The liver is a major target organ of GH for this process and is the principal site of IGF-1 production. IGF-1 has growth-stimulating effects on a wide ...

8. Myokine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myokine

   Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 1-alpha coactivator (PGC-1 alpha) is a specific myokine since it stimulates satellite cells, but stimulates M1 and M2 macrophages; M1 macrophages release interleukin 6 (IL-6), Insulin growth factor type 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while M2 macrophages mainly secrete IGF-1 ...

9. Hormonal breast enhancement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_breast_enhancement

   Oral estrogen treatment suppresses IGF-1 production in the liver, where approximately 80% of serum IGF-1 originates from, [50] and reduces total serum IGF-1 levels (by 15–40%, dependent on dose and type of estrogen administered), as well as increases levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) (a carrier protein that ...