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The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ɹ , a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives [ɕ, ʑ]. Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative: Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Schematic mid-sagittal section. Features of the voiced retroflex sibilant: Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
The open front unrounded vowel, or low front unrounded vowel, [1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. It is one of the eight primary cardinal vowels, not directly intended to correspond to a vowel sound of a specific language but rather to serve as a fundamental reference point in a phonetic measuring system. [2]
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɔ . The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by o , the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more
Note that a wavy glottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound. The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, [1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the Latin epsilon, a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon ...
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɖ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants , the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d , the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant .