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Pulmonary (or pulmonic [4]) regurgitation (or insufficiency, incompetence) is a condition in which the pulmonary valve is incompetent [5] and allows backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle of the heart during diastole. [6] While a small amount of backflow may occur ordinarily, it is usually only shown on an echocardiogram and ...
In The Framingham Heart Study presence of any severity of tricuspid regurgitation, ranging from trace to above moderate was in 82% of men and in 85.7% of women. [2] Mild tricuspid regurgitation tend to be common and benign and in structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus can be considered a normal variant. [1]
Tidal volume increases by 30–40%, from 0.5 to 0.7 litres, [9] and minute ventilation by 30–40% [9] [10] giving an increase in pulmonary ventilation. This is necessary to meet the increased oxygen requirement of the body, which reaches 50 ml/min, 20 ml of which goes to reproductive tissues.
Since the main causes of right ventricular hypertrophy is tricuspid regurgitation or pulmonary hypertension (discussed above), management involves treatment of these conditions. [3] Tricuspid regurgitation is typically treated conservatively by aiming to treat the underlying cause and following up the patient regularly. [12]
Other recognised causes are: right ventricular failure, tricuspid regurgitation, and atrial septal defect. [1] Right atrial enlargement (RAE) is clinically significant due to its prevalence in diagnosing supraventricular arrhythmias.
Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds. Diastolic heart murmurs are heart murmurs heard during diastole, [1] [2] [3] i.e. they start at or after S2 and end before or at S1. Many involve stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves.
The cardiovascular examination is a portion of the physical examination that involves evaluation of the cardiovascular system. The exact contents of the examination will vary depending on the presenting complaint but a complete examination will involve the heart (cardiac examination), lungs (pulmonary examination), belly (abdominal examination) and the blood vessels (peripheral vascular ...
Pulmonary valve Pulmonary regurgitation (stenosis is possible, but rare) Inferior vena cava size as estimate of central venous pressure; Aortic root size for thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm; Pericardial effusion size; All function dysfunction is graded on a scale (normal, trace, mild, moderate, or severe) based on various criteria.