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Some compiled languages such as Ada and Fortran, and some scripting languages such as IDL, MATLAB, and S-Lang, have native support for vectorized operations on arrays. For example, to perform an element by element sum of two arrays, a and b to produce a third c, it is only necessary to write c = a + b
By convention, the following two definitions (known as Church Booleans) are used for the Boolean values TRUE and FALSE: TRUE := λx.λy.x FALSE := λx.λy.y. Then, with these two lambda terms, we can define some logic operators (these are just possible formulations; other expressions could be equally correct): AND := λp.λq.p q p OR := λp.λq ...
Logical equality is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both operands are false or both operands are true. The truth table of p EQ q (also written as p = q , p ↔ q , Epq , p ≡ q , or p == q ) is as follows:
In array languages, operations are generalized to apply to both scalars and arrays. Thus, a+b expresses the sum of two scalars if a and b are scalars, or the sum of two arrays if they are arrays. An array language simplifies programming but possibly at a cost known as the abstraction penalty.
PLA schematic example. A programmable logic array (PLA) is a kind of programmable logic device used to implement combinational logic circuits.The PLA has a set of programmable AND gate planes, which link to a set of programmable OR gate planes, which can then be conditionally complemented to produce an output.
Using the XOR swap algorithm to exchange nibbles between variables without the use of temporary storage. In computer programming, the exclusive or swap (sometimes shortened to XOR swap) is an algorithm that uses the exclusive or bitwise operation to swap the values of two variables without using the temporary variable which is normally required.
The corresponding logical symbols are "", "", [6] and , [10] and sometimes "iff".These are usually treated as equivalent. However, some texts of mathematical logic (particularly those on first-order logic, rather than propositional logic) make a distinction between these, in which the first, ↔, is used as a symbol in logic formulas, while ⇔ is used in reasoning about those logic formulas ...
In particular, the truth value of can change from one model to another. On the other hand, the claim that two formulas are logically equivalent is a statement in metalanguage, which expresses a relationship between two statements and . The statements are logically equivalent if, in every model, they have the same truth value.