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The accurate diagnosis of circumvallate placenta during pregnancy can have significant implications in the recognition of patients who are at risk of complications. Although the ability of sonography to accurately diagnosis circumvallate placenta during pregnancy is quite limited, research studies continue to emerge at the possibility of doing so.
The comparison between the average cervical assessment and the current state of the mother allows for a diagnosis of obstructed labor. [1] An increasingly long time in labor also indicates a mechanical issue that is preventing the fetus from exiting the womb.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Signs and symptoms usually include a fever greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, lower abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge. [1] It usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery.
Risk factors such as diabetes, chronic blood pressure and multiple pregnancies can increase the risk of developing placental disease. [3] Also, exposure to sudden trauma can increase the risk of placental abruption which coincides with placental disease. [6] There is no target treatment available for placental disease.
In the early stages of placental abruption, there may be no symptoms. [1] When symptoms develop, they tend to develop suddenly. Common symptoms include: sudden-onset abdominal pain [5] [8] contractions that seem continuous and do not stop [5] vaginal bleeding [5] [8] enlarged uterus (disproportionate to the gestational age of the fetus) [5]
Pre-gestational diabetes can be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the physiological mechanism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder leading to destruction of insulin-producing cell in the pancreas; type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity and results from a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. [2] Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; [2] however, obesity increases the rate of pre-eclampsia, cesarean sections, and embryo macrosomia, as well as gestational diabetes. [2]