Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
In epidemiology, a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) is any method used to reduce the spread of an epidemic disease without requiring pharmaceutical drug treatments. Examples of non-pharmaceutical interventions that reduce the spread of infectious diseases include wearing a face mask and staying away from sick people .
An important problem is the occurrence of missing data for participants in a clinical trial. This can happen when patients are lost to follow-up (for instance, by withdrawal due to adverse effects of the intervention) and no response is obtainable for these patients. However, full application of ITT analysis can only be performed where there is ...
Matching is a statistical technique that evaluates the effect of a treatment by comparing the treated and the non-treated units in an observational study or quasi-experiment (i.e. when the treatment is not randomly assigned).
An evaluation which looks at the impact of an intervention on final welfare outcomes, rather than only at project outputs, or a process evaluation which focuses on implementation; An evaluation carried out some time (five to ten years) after the intervention has been completed so as to allow time for impact to appear; and
Many theoretical studies of the population dynamics, structure and evolution of infectious diseases of plants and animals, including humans, are concerned with this problem. [27] Research topics include: antigenic shift; epidemiological networks; evolution and spread of resistance; immuno-epidemiology; intra-host dynamics; Pandemic; pathogen ...
Cohort studies represent one of the fundamental designs of epidemiology which are used in research in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, nursing, psychology, social science, and in any field reliant on 'difficult to reach' answers that are based on evidence . In medicine for instance, while clinical trials are used primarily for assessing the ...
Opponents argued for many years that this type of study cannot prove causation, but the eventual results of cohort studies confirmed the causal link which the case–control studies suggested, [12] [13] and it is now accepted that tobacco smoking is the cause of about 87% of all lung cancer mortality in the US.
A quasi-experiment is an empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention. Quasi-experiments shares similarities with experiments or randomized controlled trials, but specifically lack random assignment to treatment or control. Instead, quasi-experimental designs typically allow assignment to treatment condition to proceed ...