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Antibiotics have been used to prevent and treat these infections—however, the misuse of antibiotics is a serious problem for global health. [2] It is recommended that guidelines be followed that outline when it is appropriate to give antibiotics and which antibiotics are most effective. [2]
Ultrasound showing a subchorionic hemorrhage [1] Chorionic hematoma is the pooling of blood ( hematoma ) between the chorion , a membrane surrounding the embryo , and the uterine wall . [ 2 ] It occurs in about 3.1% of all pregnancies , [ 2 ] it is the most common sonographic abnormality and the most common cause of first trimester bleeding .
Retained placental tissue and infection may contribute to uterine atony. Uterine atony is the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage. [13] Trauma: Injury to the birth canal which includes the uterus, cervix, vagina and the perineum which can happen even if the delivery is monitored properly. The bleeding is substantial as all these organs ...
Risks of retained placenta include hemorrhage and infection. After the placenta is delivered, the uterus should contract down to close off all the blood vessels inside the uterus. If the placenta only partially separates, the uterus cannot contract properly, so the blood vessels inside will continue to bleed. A retained placenta thereby leads ...
Placental abruption occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies. [5] Along with placenta previa and uterine rupture it is one of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding in the later part of pregnancy. [6] Placental abruption is the reason for about 15% of infant deaths around the time of birth. [2] The condition was described at least as early as ...
Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a membrane in the placenta made of two layers, the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast. Fetal-maternal haemorrhage occurs when this membrane ceases to function as a barrier and ...
Dilation (or dilatation) and curettage (D&C) refers to the dilation (widening or opening) of the cervix and surgical removal of sections and/or layers of the lining of the uterus and or contents of the uterus such as an unwanted fetus (early abortion before 13 weeks), remains of a non-viable fetus, retained placenta after birth or abortion as well as any abnormal tissue which may be in the ...
Distal lobes are connected by a placental artery and vein extending from the main placenta, which tends to be centrally located and is the largest in mass. [20] At the time of contraction or delivery the connecting placental arteries and veins may rupture resulting in significant haemorrhaging. Incidences of vasa previa and haemorrhaging in the ...