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While also known as the "boring sponge", Cliona celata is the only species of sponge without microscleres. [citation needed] Cliona celata is a distinctive sponge known for its unique morphology and characteristics. In its 'raphyrus' or massive stage, it forms large lobose structures with rounded ridges, reaching sizes of up to 40 cm across and ...
This would also render Porifera (the sponge phylum) paraphyletic. Borchiellini et al. (2001) argued that calcareans were more closely related to Eumetazoa (non-sponge animals) than to other sponges. [9] A few studies have also supported a sister group relationship between calcareans and Ctenophora (comb jellies). Many authors have strongly ...
Sponges or sea sponges are primarily marine invertebrates of the metazoan phylum Porifera [4] (/ p ... The branch of zoology that studies sponges is known as ...
Techniques such as the rope and mesh bag method are used to culture sponges independently or within an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system setting. One of the only true sustainable sea sponges cultivated in the world occur in the region of Micronesia , with a number of growing and production methods used to ensure and maintain the ...
Demosponges (Demospongiae) are the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera. They include greater than 90% of all species of sponges with nearly 8,800 species worldwide (World Porifera Database). [5] They are sponges with a soft body that covers a hard, often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate, either aragonite or calcite [citation ...
Cultural economics is the branch of economics that studies the relation of culture to economic outcomes. Here, 'culture' is defined by shared beliefs and preferences of respective groups. Programmatic issues include whether and how much culture matters as to economic outcomes and what its relation is to institutions. [ 1 ]
The cat theory was revived after Deng Xiaoping became the paramount leader of China in December 1978, when he and his allies launched the "Reform and Opening" of China.[8] [12] [14] After the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989, the reform and opening program went into stagnation, and there were fears and concerns within the Chinese Communist Party that further reforms may turn China into a ...
The earliest known hexactinellids are from the earliest Cambrian or late Neoproterozoic eras; Helicolocellus is a possible hexactinellid relative from the late Ediacaran. [23] They are fairly common relative to demosponges as fossils, but this is thought to be, at least in part, because their spicules are sturdier than spongin and fossilize better.