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Threshold dose is the minimum dose of drug that triggers minimal detectable biological effect in an animal. [1] At extremely low doses, biological responses are absent for some of the drugs. The increase in dose above threshold dose induces an increase in the percentage of biological responses. [ 2 ]
Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.
Mavacoxib (trade name Trocoxil) is a veterinary drug used to treat pain and inflammation in dogs with degenerative joint disease. [2] ... [4] [5] References
It is used in post-operative care and is delivered by I.V. [2] It is given if the patient is unable to take oral or rectally delivered paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated. The onset of analgesia from propacetamol is more rapid than paracetamol given orally.
Paracetamol's bioavailability is dose-dependent: it increases from 63 % for 500 mg dose to 89 % for 1000 mg dose. [6] Its plasma terminal elimination half-life is 1.9–2.5 hours, [6] and volume of distribution is roughly 50 L. [132] Protein binding is negligible, except under the conditions of overdose, when it may reach 15–21 %. [6]
The toxic dose of paracetamol is highly variable. In general the recommended maximum daily dose for healthy adults is 4 grams. [17] [18] Higher doses lead to increasing risk of toxicity. In adults, single doses above 10 grams or 200 mg/kg of bodyweight, whichever is lower, have a reasonable likelihood of causing toxicity.
The onset of analgesia is about 20 to 30 minutes with a duration of 4 to 8 hours and t 1/2 of 3 to 4 hours. [15] Maximum serum levels are achieved at 1.3 hours. [1] Metabolism/excretion: It is metabolized to norhydrocodone by cytochrome P450 3A4 and to hydromorphone, also biologically active, by cytochrome P450 2D6.
Chlorzoxazone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used to treat muscle spasm and the resulting pain or discomfort. It can also be administered for acute pain in general and for tension headache (muscle contraction headache).