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Fluorine's first ionization energy is third-highest among all elements, behind helium and neon, [16] which complicates the removal of electrons from neutral fluorine atoms. It also has a high electron affinity , second only to chlorine , [ 17 ] and tends to capture an electron to become isoelectronic with the noble gas neon; [ 3 ] it has the ...
Fluorine is often added to drug molecules during drug design, as even a single atom can greatly change the chemical properties of the molecule in desirable ways. Because of the considerable stability of the carbon–fluorine bond , many drugs are fluorinated to delay their metabolism , which is the chemical process in which the drugs are turned ...
Several elements show their highest oxidation state only in a few compounds, one of which is the fluoride; and some elements' highest known oxidation state is seen exclusively in a fluoride. For groups 1–5, 13–16 (except nitrogen), the highest oxidation states of oxides and fluorides are always equal.
Moissan's fluorine cell, from his 1887 publication. Fluorine is a relatively new element in human applications. In ancient times, only minor uses of fluorine-containing minerals existed. The industrial use of fluorite, fluorine's source mineral, was first described by early scientist Georgius Agricola in the 16th century, in the context of ...
In these, a normally nonessential element can treat a disease (often a micronutrient deficiency). An example is fluorine, which reduces the effects of iron deficiency in rats. Some of the benign elements are radioactive. As such they alter life due to their potential to cause mutations. This effect could be interpreted as either adverse or ...
Commercial producers of fluorine gas continue to use the method of electrolysis pioneered by Moissan, with some modifications in the cell design. Owing to the gas's corrosiveness, special containment materials and handling precautions are required. Chemical routes to the elemental form were published in 1986.
This is another reason for the high chemical stability of polyfluorinated compounds. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements: 3.98. [1] This causes the high dipole moment of C-F bond (1.41 D [1]). Fluorine has the lowest polarizability of all atoms: 0.56 10 −24 cm 3. [1]
Fluorite also gave the name to its constitutive element fluorine. [3] Currently, the word "fluorspar" is most commonly used for fluorite as an industrial and chemical commodity, while "fluorite" is used mineralogically and in most other senses.