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Some schools in the United States were integrated before the mid-20th century, the first ever being Lowell High School in Massachusetts, which has accepted students of all races since its founding. The earliest known African American student, Caroline Van Vronker, attended the school in 1843.
The movement of young women into teaching began in the Northeast—in Massachusetts 78% of the teachers were women in 1860. The South was laggard. In Virginia 34% of the white teachers were women in 1870, and 69% by 1900. Women were only 24% of the Black teachers in 1870, and 54% by 1900.
When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867, they created the first system of taxpayer-funded public schools. Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools. Almost all the new public schools were segregated, apart from a few in New Orleans.
Eureka College (First school in Illinois and third in the nation to admit women on an equal basis with men at its founding) [25] Bates College [26] [27] University of Iowa (first coeducational public or state university in the United States) [1] [2] 1856: Baldwin University (now Baldwin Wallace University) (co-ed secondary classes began in 1845 ...
As of 2005, the proportion of Black students at schools with a White majority was at "a level lower than in any year since 1968". [17] Some critics of school desegregation have argued that court-enforced desegregation efforts of the 1960s were either unnecessary or self-defeating, ultimately resulting in White flight from cities
By 1834, its schools were integrated into the Public School Society. [3] In 1801, the city's Quakers formed the Association of Women Friends for the Relief of the Poor, hired an educated and moral widow as an instructor, and opened the first free school for poor white children. It grew to 750 students by 1823 and received some financial aid ...
In 1837, it became the first coeducational college by admitting four women. Soon women were fully integrated into the college, and comprised from a third to a half of the student body. The religious founders, especially evangelical theologian Charles Grandison Finney, saw women as inherently morally superior to men. Indeed, many alumnae ...
It opened on 3 December 1833, with 44 students, including 29 men and 15 women. Fully equal status for women did not arrive until 1837, and the first three women to graduate with bachelor's degrees did so in 1840. [3] By the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for men or women had become coeducational.