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Presenting three of these factors or more increases the risk of developing PAD tenfold. [ 38 ] Smoking – Tobacco use in any form is the single greatest risk factor for peripheral artery disease internationally.
Lifestyle modifications such as exercise, healthy eating, weight management, and stress management are all important in decreasing inflammation and other risk factors for PAD. Medical therapy such as antihypertensives, lipid-lowering therapy, antidiabetic therapy, and antithrombotics can be considered when lifestyle modifications are not enough.
Critical limb ischemia is diagnosed by the presence of ischemic rest pain, and an ulcers that will not heal or gangrene due to insufficient blood flow. [3] Insufficient blood flow may be confirmed by ankle-brachial index (ABI), ankle pressure, toe-brachial index (TBI), toe systolic pressure, transcutaneous oxygen measurement (TcpO2 ), or skin perfusion pressure (SPP).
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. [3] CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease ...
The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) or ankle-brachial index (ABI) is the ratio of the blood pressure at the ankle to the blood pressure in the upper arm (brachium). ). Compared to the arm, lower blood pressure in the leg suggests blocked arteries due to peripheral artery dise
Intermittent claudication is a symptom and is by definition diagnosed by a patient reporting a history of leg pain with walking relieved by rest. However, as other conditions such as sciatica can mimic intermittent claudication, testing is often performed to confirm the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease. [citation needed]
Various risk factors contribute to VTE, including genetic and environmental factors, though many with multiple risk factors never develop it. [57] [58] Acquired risk factors include the strong risk factor of older age, [5] which alters blood composition to favor clotting. [59] Previous VTE, particularly unprovoked VTE, is a strong risk factor. [60]
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease, thus for dry gangrene, but also a risk factor for wet gangrene, particularly in patients with poorly controlled blood sugar levels, as elevated serum glucose creates a favorable environment for bacterial infection. [17]
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