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For instance, Blanksby and Ellison cites the example of ketene (H 2 C=CO), which has a C=C bond dissociation energy of 79 kcal/mol, while ethylene (H 2 C=CH 2) has a bond dissociation energy of 174 kcal/mol. This vast difference is accounted for by the thermodynamic stability of carbon monoxide (CO), formed upon the C=C bond cleavage of ketene. [7]
Although the two bonds are the equivalent in the original symmetric molecule, the bond-dissociation energy of an oxygen–hydrogen bond varies slightly depending on whether or not there is another hydrogen atom bonded to the oxygen atom. Thus, the bond energy of a molecule of water is 461.5 kJ/mol (110.3 kcal/mol). [8]
This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion.
Bond energy: 1079 kJ/mol Bond angle: Linear Magnetic susceptibility? Thermodynamic properties. Phase behavior Triple point: 67.9 K (−205.1 °C), 15.35 kPa
1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule [9] 2.1×10 −21 J Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV) [10] 2.856×10 −21 J By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information 3–7×10 −21 J
Bond type Dissociation energy (kcal/mol) [15] Dissociation energy (kJ/mol) Note Ionic lattice 250–4000 [16] 1100–20000 Covalent bond 30–260 130–1100 Hydrogen bond: 1–12 4–50 About 5 kcal/mol (21 kJ/mol) in water Dipole–dipole 0.5–2 2–8 London dispersion forces <1 to 15 <4 to 63
To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 g/mol. To convert densities to moles per liter, multiply by 22.678 cm 3 mol/(L·g). Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 44th ed. pages 2560–2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1 °C) and temperatures −30 °C and below, which are taken from ...
Carbon–hydrogen bonds have a bond length of about 1.09 Å (1.09 × 10 −10 m) and a bond energy of about 413 kJ/mol (see table below). Using Pauling's scale —C (2.55) and H (2.2)—the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.35.