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The liquid drop model is one of the first models of nuclear structure, proposed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in 1935. [5] It describes the nucleus as a semiclassical fluid made up of neutrons and protons, with an internal repulsive electrostatic force proportional to the number of protons.
The formula represents the liquid-drop model proposed by George Gamow, [1] which can account for most of the terms in the formula and gives rough estimates for the values of the coefficients. It was first formulated in 1935 by German physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , [ 2 ] and although refinements have been made to the coefficients ...
In 1906 Smoluchowski published a one-dimensional model to describe a particle undergoing Brownian motion. [24] The model assumes collisions with M ≫ m where M is the test particle's mass and m the mass of one of the individual particles composing the fluid. It is assumed that the particle collisions are confined to one dimension and that it ...
A model derived from the nuclear shell model is the alpha particle model developed by Henry Margenau, Edward Teller, J. K. Pering, T. H. Skyrme, also sometimes called the Skyrme model. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Note, however, that the Skyrme model is usually taken to be a model of the nucleon itself, as a "cloud" of mesons (pions), rather than as a model of ...
Radial distribution function of the Lennard-Jones model fluid. The pair distribution function (or pair correlation function) of a material describes the probability of finding an atom at a separation r from another atom. A typical plot of g versus r of a liquid or glass shows a number of key features: At short separations (small r), g(r) = 0 ...
The particle count is obtained by counting pulses. This pulse is proportional to the volume of the sensed particle. Advantages: very small sample aliquots can be examined. Disadvantages: sample must be dispersed in a liquid medium... some particles may (partially or fully) dissolve in the medium altering the size distribution. The results are ...
They mimic the extremely strong ("infinitely elastic bouncing") repulsion that atoms and spherical molecules experience at very close distances. Hard spheres systems are studied by analytical means, by molecular dynamics simulations, and by the experimental study of certain colloidal model systems.
Hence, a high-resolution model of liquid structure at the nanoscale may require quantum mechanical considerations. A notable example is hydrogen bonding in associated liquids like water, [ 59 ] [ 60 ] where, due to the small mass of the proton, inherently quantum effects such as zero-point motion and tunneling are important.