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Many antibiotics are metabolized in the liver. In patients with liver failure, the use of such antibiotics should be restricted in order to avoid toxicity and subsequent overdose. [17] Erythromycin, clindamycin and metronidazole are antibiotics that would require dose adjustments when administered to patients with liver failure.
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including osteomyelitis (bone) or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, acute otitis media (middle ear infections), and endocarditis. [5]
Clindamycin alone has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of acne, [24] toxic shock syndrome [25] and malaria, [26] and to decrease the risk of premature births in women with bacterial vaginosis. [27] Lincosamide antibiotics may also be useful in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. [28]
The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic . Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing.
Common antibiotics used are from the β-lactam antibiotic group, [19] clindamycin [13] and metronidazole. [ 11 ] If there is dysphagia or dyspnoea (difficulty swallowing or breathing), then this usually means there is a severe infection and an emergency admission to hospital is appropriate so that intravenous medications and fluids can be ...
Since most mouth infections are polymicrobial, penicillin is an appropriate initial choice of antibiotic because of its activity against Streptococcus and gram negative anaerobes. If the patient has a penicillin allergy, then clindamycin with or without metronidazole are also effective empiric antibiotic regimens.
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In 1986, some European countries banned the use of antibiotics because of research they found that linked antibiotic use in livestock and drug resistant bacteria in humans. [11] The European Union regulated in 2006 against antibiotics for growth promotion purposes. [12] It was estimated in 2014 that over 80% of the world's antibiotic use was on ...