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Leaded gasoline contaminates the oxygen sensors and catalytic converters. Most oxygen sensors are rated for some service life in the presence of leaded gasoline, but sensor life will be shortened to as little as 15,000 miles (24,000 km), depending on the lead concentration. Lead-damaged sensors typically have their tips discolored light rusty.
Heyrovský's Polarograph. Polarography is an electrochemical voltammetric technique that employs (dropping or static) mercury drop as a working electrode. In its most simple form polarography can be used to determine concentrations of electroactive species in liquids by measuring their mass-transport limiting currents.
An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrochemical device which consumes a fuel to produce an electrical output by a chemical reaction. One form of electro-galvanic fuel cell based on the oxidation of lead is commonly used to measure the concentration of oxygen gas in underwater diving and medical breathing gases .
The 1960s and 1970s saw many advances in the theory, instrumentation, and the introduction of computer aided and controlled systems. Modern polarographic and voltammetric methods on mercury electrodes came about in three sections. The first section includes the development of the mercury electrodes.
Cyclic voltammetry: Potential waveform in blue (left y-axis), current answer in red (right y-axis). Electrolyte as in figure 1. Potential vs. Ag/AgCl in both figures. A comparison of this experiment with and without 5 mM Fe species can be found here.
Galvanism: electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position [1]. Galvanism is a term invented by the late 18th-century physicist and chemist Alessandro Volta to refer to the generation of electric current by chemical action. [2]
By subtracting the background current created by the probe from the resulting current, it is possible to generate a voltage vs. current plot that is unique to each compound. [5] Since the time scale of the voltage oscillations is known, this can then be used to calculate a plot of the current in solution as a function of time.
Double-pulsed chronoamperometry waveform showing integrated region for charge determination.. In electrochemistry, chronoamperometry is an analytical technique in which the electric potential of the working electrode is stepped and the resulting current from faradaic processes occurring at the electrode (caused by the potential step) is monitored as a function of time.