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Ataturk: An intellectual biography (2011) Kazancigil, Ali and Ergun Özbudun. Ataturk: Founder of a Modern State (1982) 243pp; Ward, Robert, and Dankwart Rustow, eds. Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (1964). Yavuz, M. Hakan. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (2003) Zurcher, Erik. Turkey: A Modern History (2004)
Turkish War of Independence; Part of the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in the aftermath of World War I: Clockwise from top left: Delegation gathered in Sivas Congress to determine the objectives of the Turkish National Movement; Turkish civilians carrying ammunition to the front; Kuva-yi Milliye infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; Turkish Army's capture of Smyrna; troops in Ankara's Ulus ...
A British cartoon of 1923 satirising Atatürk's rule in Turkey The Conference of Lausanne began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented by İsmet İnönü of the GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty, [ 100 ] such as the control of Turkish finances, the Capitulations , the Straits and other issues.
Post-war Turkey has been largely defined by its agricultural society, which includes many landlords and merchants. The control of people in the Turkish economy is quite evident from 1923 to the 1930s, but they still managed, through foreign joint investment, to establish a state economic enterprise.
However, the idea of reform did not go beyond the idea of a constitutional monarchy until Atatürk. [citation needed] It was especially possible for the idea of a republic to find the opportunity to develop in the period following the First World War. After the war, empires such as Russia, Germany and Austria were replaced by republican regimes.
In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021. [109] As of August 2023, the number of refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey was estimated to be 3 307 882 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 205 894 ...
Turkish victory in the Turkish-Armenian War and signature of the Treaty of Alexandropol/Gyumri, between Turkey, as represented by the Grand National Assembly, and Armenia. 5 Dec 1920 Mustafa Kemal meets with a delegation from Istanbul headed by Salih Pasha and Ahmet İzzet Pasha in Bilecik to discuss a potential rapprochement between Istanbul ...
Turkey committed 8 of 173 aircraft in the NATO force, [6] flew 2.2 percent of sorties [7] Dayton Agreement, deployment of NATO-led IFOR; Süleyman Demirel: Tansu Çiller: Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1997) KDP Turkey: PUK PKK: Ceasefire . Peace treaty between the KDP and the PUK; Süleyman Demirel: Necmettin Erbakan. Mesut Yılmaz. Kosovo War (1998 ...