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The USP Controlled Room Temperature is a series of United States Pharmacopeia guidelines for the storage of pharmaceuticals; [1] the relevant omnibus standard is USP 797. [2] [3] Although 100% compliance remains challenging for any given facility, [4] the larger protocol may be regarded as constituting a form of clean room [5] which is included in a suite of best practices.
The majority of vaccines required storage temperature of +35° to +46 °F (+2° to +8 °C) and must not be exposed to freezing temperature. [7] Temperature too cold can result in an irreversible reaction that reduces vaccines potency and loss in adjuvant effect.
For ceftriaxone, the color of solutions can range from light yellow to amber, depending on the length of storage, concentration, and diluent used. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] A study found that meropenem concentrations dropped to 90% of the initial concentration at 7.4 hours at 22°C and 5.7 hours at 33°C, indicating degradation over time.
Temperature Foodborne pathogens grow best in temperatures between 41 and 135 °F (5 and 57 °C), a range referred to as the temperature danger zone (TDZ). They thrive in temperatures that are between 70 and 104 °F (21 and 40 °C). [3] O: Oxygen Almost all foodborne pathogens are aerobic, that is requiring oxygen to grow.
[11] [12] To prevent time-temperature abuse, the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized. [13] A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature, that is, a small decrease of cooking temperature can result in considerable numbers of cells surviving the process. [ 14 ]
The current live polio vaccine contains two serotypes of poliovirus: over 1 million tissue-culture infective doses (10 6 TCID 50) of type 1 and over 630,000 (10 5.8 TCID 50) of type 3. [4] The smallpox vaccine contains between 250,000 and 1,250,000 plaque forming units of live vaccinia virus per dose. [ 7 ]
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible.
The maximum safe storage temperature (MSST) is the highest temperature to store a chemical (like an organic peroxide) above which slow decomposition and explosion may occur. References [ edit ]