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Activity-based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective. They initially focused on the manufacturing industry, where increasing technology and productivity improvements have reduced the relative proportion of the direct costs of ...
Ménagerie is the French translation of Xenophon's famous book Oeconomicus [6] (Ancient Greek: Οἰκονομικός) on household matters and husbandry. The French word mesnagement (or ménagement) influenced the semantic development of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries. [7]
Furthermore, managerial economics provides the tools and techniques that allow managers to make the optimal decisions for any scenario. Some examples of the types of problems that the tools provided by managerial economics can answer are: The price and quantity of a good or service that a business should produce.
Special risk accounting techniques do exist but are in practice mostly restricted to financial instruments as accounting objects and financial institutions as accounting subjects. They include: At-Risk-Measures such as value at risk, Cash Flow at Risk or Earnings at Risk. Risk adjusted performance measures as RAROC and RARORAC.
Accounting information systems are focused accounting functions. Human resource management systems are used for personnel aspects. Office automation systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating workflow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any and all levels of management.
The modern double entry system was likely a direct precursor of the first European adaptation many centuries later. [4] The first known use of the terms "debit" and "credit" occurred in the Venetian Luca Pacioli's 1494 work, Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita (A Summary of Arithmetic, Geometry, Proportions and Proportionality).
Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli, O.F.M. (sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo; c. 1447 – 19 June 1517) [3] was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and an early contributor to the field now known as accounting.
Although it is in principle different from managerial finance which studies the financial management of all firms, rather than corporations alone, the main concepts in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms. Financial management overlaps with the financial function of the accounting profession.