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  2. Reading comprehension - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension

    Reading comprehension and vocabulary are inextricably linked together. The ability to decode or identify and pronounce words is self-evidently important, but knowing what the words mean has a major and direct effect on knowing what any specific passage means while skimming a reading material.

  3. Literal and figurative language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_and_figurative...

    Prior to the 1980s, the "standard pragmatic" model of comprehension was widely believed. In that model, it was thought the recipient would first attempt to comprehend the meaning as if literal, but when an appropriate literal inference could not be made, the recipient would shift to look for a figurative interpretation that would allow comprehension. [28]

  4. Semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics

    Semantics studies meaning in language, which is limited to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It concerns how signs are interpreted and what information they contain. An example is the meaning of words provided in dictionary definitions by giving synonymous expressions or paraphrases, like defining the meaning of the term ram as adult male sheep. [22]

  5. Authorial intent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorial_intent

    The reader's impression of the author's intent is a working force in interpretation, but the author's actual intent is not. Some critics in this school believe that reader-response is a transaction and that there is some form of negotiation going on between authorial intent and reader's response.

  6. Informal inferential reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_Inferential_Reasoning

    In statistics education, informal inferential reasoning (also called informal inference) refers to the process of making a generalization based on data (samples) about a wider universe (population/process) while taking into account uncertainty without using the formal statistical procedure or methods (e.g. P-values, t-test, hypothesis testing, significance test).

  7. Inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference

    Additionally, the term 'inference' has also been applied to the process of generating predictions from trained neural networks. In this context, an 'inference engine' refers to the system or hardware performing these operations. This type of inference is widely used in applications ranging from image recognition to natural language processing.

  8. Hermeneutics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics

    The technical term ἑρμηνεία (hermeneia, "interpretation, explanation") was introduced into philosophy mainly through the title of Aristotle's work Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας ("Peri Hermeneias"), commonly referred to by its Latin title De Interpretatione and translated in English as On Interpretation.

  9. Statistical hypothesis test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_test

    Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of both frequentist inference and Bayesian inference, although the two types of inference have notable differences. Statistical hypothesis tests define a procedure that controls (fixes) the probability of incorrectly deciding that a default position ( null hypothesis ) is incorrect.