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Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness , conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exophthalmos). [1]
There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.
Administering the radioactive isotope causes the thyroid to take in the lethal iodine and quickly radiation destroys it. [12] Typically overproduction of thyroxine using radio-iodine is blocked with one dose. The drawback to this treatment is the thyroid gland is completely destroyed and patients often develop hypothyroidism. Some do so only a ...
Thyroid diseases are highly prevalent worldwide, [10] [11] [12] and treatment varies based on the disorder. Levothyroxine is the mainstay of treatment for people with hypothyroidism, [13] while people with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease can be managed with iodine therapy, antithyroid medication, or surgical removal of the thyroid ...
Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. [3] It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, depression, and ...
Alcohol intoxication can cause blurred vision. Use of cycloplegic drugs like atropine [4] or other anticholinergics cause visual blur due to paralysis of accommodation. [3] Cataracts: Cloudiness over the eye's lens, cause blurring of vision, halos around lights, and sensitivity to glare. [5] It is also the main cause of blindness worldwide. [2]
Long-term mild excess of thyroid hormone can thus cause impaired cardiac reserve and exercise capacity. [4] In a large population-based study of 2008, the odds of having poorer cognitive function were greater for sub-clinical hyperthyroidism than for stroke , diabetes mellitus , and Parkinson's disease . [ 48 ]
Normal thyroid levels are also seen, and occasionally also hypothyroidism, which may assist in causing goiter (though it is not the cause of the Graves' disease). Hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease is confirmed, as with any other cause of hyperthyroidism, by measuring elevated blood levels of free (unbound) T3 and T4.