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Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO (up to 10 000 mU/mL) include any anemia, and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease and mouth disease. Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced ...
Erythropoietin is also used to treat anemia in people, and cats and dogs, with chronic kidney disease who are not on dialysis (those in Stage 3 or 4 disease and those living with a kidney transplant). There are two types of erythropoietin for people, and cats and dogs, with anemia due to chronic kidney disease (not on dialysis). [12] [13]
Erythropoietin is a sialoglycoprotein hormone produced by peritubular cells of kidney. Granulocyte -macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte CSF are given to stimulate white blood cell formation in cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy , which tends to kill their red bone marrow cells as well as the cancer cells.
A feedback loop involving erythropoietin helps regulate the process of erythropoiesis so that, in non-disease states, the production of red blood cells is equal to the destruction of red blood cells and the red blood cell number is sufficient to sustain adequate tissue oxygen levels but not so high as to cause sludging, thrombosis, or stroke ...
Hypoxia: Poor oxygen delivery (hypoxia) in utero resulting in compensatory increased production of red blood cells (erythropoeisis). Hypoxia can be either acute or chronic. Acute hypoxia can occur as a result of perinatal complications. Chronic fetal hypoxia is associated with maternal risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and smoking. [10]
Anemia in kidney disease and dialysis: Anemia in kidney disease and dialysis results from the diseased kidney's inability to produce enough of the hormone erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is used to stimulate an adequate production of red blood cells from the bone marrow. [24] Anemia of prematurity: P61.2
Epoetin beta , sold under the brand name Neorecormon among others, is a synthetic, recombinant [4] form of erythropoietin, a protein that promotes the production of red blood cells. It is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) that is used to treat anemia , commonly associated with chronic kidney failure and cancer chemotherapy .
ESAs are used to maintain hemoglobin at the lowest level that both minimizes transfusions and best meets a person's needs. [8] Medical speciality professional organizations do not recommend the use of ESAs in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have hemoglobin levels greater than 10 g/dL and do not have anemia symptoms.