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Learn about the most common color variety of natural diamonds, how it is formed and how it is valued as a gemstone. Discover the largest and most famous brown diamonds in the world, such as the Golden Jubilee, the Earth Star and the Incomparable.
Learn what a gemstone is, how it is classified by chemical composition, crystal system, color, and other properties, and how it is valued by gemologists and the market. Explore the history, types, and examples of gemstones, from diamonds to pearls.
Ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, alongside amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. [3]
Despite the similarity of their names, chrysoberyl and beryl are two completely different gemstones, although they both contain beryllium. Chrysoberyl is the third-hardest frequently encountered natural gemstone and lies at 8.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, between corundum (9) and topaz (8). [7]
Jeremejevite is a rare and expensive aluminium borate mineral with variable fluoride and hydroxide ions. It shows pleochroism, piezoelectricity and is found in granitic pegmatites in Siberia, Tajikistan, Namibia and Germany.
Pure crystals of garnet are still used as gemstones. The gemstone varieties occur in shades of green, red, yellow, and orange. [53] In the US it is known as the birthstone for January. [2] The garnet family is one of the most complex in the gem world. It is not a single species, but is composed of multiple species and varieties. [54]
Topaz is a silicate mineral that can be colorless, blue, yellow, orange, pink, or red depending on impurities and treatments. It is used as a gemstone and has a long history of associations with different cultures and meanings.
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. It has the highest hardness, thermal conductivity, and optical dispersion of any natural material, and can be colored by impurities or defects.
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