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The World Bank Research Observer, Volume 32, Issue 2, August 2017, Pages 185–210, https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkx004
The World Bank's Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic study (AICD), published in 2010, found that in total, the private sector accounted for an impressive level of infrastructure investment in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by contributing about 29 percent of total capital spending .
The HCI draws heavily on techniques from this literature to quantify the contributions of education and health to worker productivity. In addition to summarizing the methodology of the HCI, this paper selectively reviews the relevant parts of this literature on measuring human capital.
By applying a consistent price per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) across multiple sources, direct carbon pricing contributes to equalizing marginal abatement costs across emissions sources, which minimizes the total costs of climate change mitigation.
The World Bank Research Observer seeks to inform nonspecialist readers about research being undertaken within the Bank and outside the Bank in areas of economics relevant for development policy. Requiring only a minimal background in economic analysis, its surveys and overviews of key issues in development economics research are intended for ...
Long-standing institutional corporate governance arrangements are being replaced with new institutional arrangements, but in the meantime, inconsistencies and gaps have emerged. Fifth, international financial integration has increased, and trade and investment flows are increasing.
The impacts of climate change are critical to understanding both the effect of climate action or inaction on poverty and how to adapt to those impacts that are already “locked in.” Section 3.1 reviews the literature on past and current impacts as indicators for the future.
This paper reviews the recent empirical evidence on privatization in developing countries, with particular emphasis on new areas of research such as the distributional impacts of privatization. Overall, the literature now reflects a more cautious and nuanced evaluation of privatization.
This paper reviews the literature on financial stability and financial inclusion—two broad objectives of financial policy that may be mutually dependent. The review suggests the possible co-dependence of stability and inclusion.
M-Pesa revenue grew by 33% to Kshs 55bn (US$536m) in the year to Mar. 2017, over one-quarter of Safaricom's total service revenue. The Bank of Kenya recorded in 2015, for all operators, a monthly value of transactions of Kshs 227.9bn (US $2.2bn), or about one-half of average monthly GDP.