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Pigeon toe, also known as in-toeing, is a condition which causes the toes to point inward when walking.It is most common in infants and children under two years of age [1] and, when not the result of simple muscle weakness, [2] normally arises from underlying conditions, such as a twisted shin bone or an excessive anteversion (femoral head is more than 15° from the angle of torsion) resulting ...
Accurate diagnosis of Freiberg disease typically involves a combination of clinical examination and imaging studies: Physical examination: Assessment of pain, swelling, and range of motion in the affected foot. Radiography: X-rays may reveal flattening, sclerosis, or fragmentation of the metatarsal head.
Diagnosis is often done by patient self-report. [citation needed] If a patient feels pain in the ball of the foot a podiatrist is the best source for a diagnosis. A podiatrist is a trained expert who can offer treatment options. [citation needed]
Symptoms may be treated by wearing wider shoes to relieve pressure, or the patient can wear padding around the toes. Surgery is also an option, if the pain and discomfort cannot be treated, or for cosmetic reasons. In this procedure, the short metatarsal is typically cut and a piece of bone is grafted between the two ends.
The fracture typically occurs when the toes are pointed and the foot bends inwards. [6] [2] This movement may occur when changing direction while the heel is off the ground such in dancing, tennis, or basketball. [9] [10] Diagnosis is generally suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with X-rays. [3]
Morton's neuroma is a benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve, most commonly of the second and third intermetatarsal spaces (between the second/third and third/fourth metatarsal heads; the first is of the big toe), which results in the entrapment of the affected nerve.
Mulder's sign is a physical exam finding associated with Morton's neuroma, which may be elicited while the patient is in the supine position on the examination table. The pain of the neuroma, as well as a click, can be produced by squeezing the two metatarsal heads together with one hand, while concomitantly putting pressure on the interdigital space with the other hand.
Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a nerve compression syndrome or nerve entrapment syndrome causing a painful foot condition in which the tibial nerve is entrapped as it travels through the tarsal tunnel. [1] [2] The tarsal tunnel is found along the inner leg behind the medial malleolus (bump on the inside of the ankle). The posterior tibial ...