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  2. Gondwana - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana

    Gondwana (/ ɡ ɒ n d ˈ w ɑː n ə /) [1] was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian subcontinent.

  3. List of sovereign states by date of formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states...

    Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great ...

  4. List of countries that have gained independence from the ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_that...

    Some countries did not gain their independence on a single date, therefore the latest day of independence is shown with a breakdown of dates further down. A total of 65 countries have claimed their independence from the British Empire/United Kingdom. [1]

  5. Avalonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalonia

    Avalonia is the largest of the peri-Gondwanan terranes, a series of continental blocks that more or less simultaneously broke off the margins of the southern supercontinent Gondwana and therefore share an early Paleozoic marine fauna. They were pulled northward and eventually collided to form the Appalachian, Caledonide, and Variscan orogens ...

  6. Caledonian orogeny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny

    In the Neoproterozoic most of the Earth's landmasses were united in the Rodinia supercontinent.The majority of its bulk consisted of the landmass of Gondwana. [Note 1] Near the end of the Neoproterozoic, during the breakup of this supercontinent, Laurentia [Note 2] and Baltica [Note 3] rifted from the western (Amazonian craton) and northern (African) margins of Gondwana respectively.

  7. Pannotia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannotia

    Pannotia was centred on the South Pole, hence its name. Pannotia (from Greek: pan-, "all", -nótos, "south"; meaning "all southern land"), also known as the Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, and the Pan-African supercontinent, was a relatively short-lived Neoproterozoic supercontinent that formed at the end of the Precambrian during the Pan-African orogeny (650–500 Ma), during the ...

  8. List of orogenies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orogenies

    Taconic phase – Mountain-building period that affected most of New England – In the northeastern U.S. and Canada, during the Ordovician Period; Acadian phase – North American orogeny – In the eastern U.S., during the Silurian and Devonian Periods

  9. Geology of Great Britain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain

    Five hundred million years ago, in the Ordovician period, southern Great Britain, the east coast of North America and south-east Newfoundland broke away from Gondwana to form the continent of Avalonia, which by 440 Ma had drifted (by the mechanisms of plate tectonics) to about 30° south. During this period, north Wales was subject to volcanic ...