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Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose , a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon , and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator .
The T7 expression system is used in the field of microbiology to clone recombinant DNA using strains of E. coli. [1] It is the most popular system for expressing recombinant proteins in E. coli. [2] By 2021, this system had been described in over 220,000 research publications. [3]
Expression of functionally active human epidermal growth factor has been done in C. glutamicum, [17] thus demonstrating a potential for industrial-scale production of human proteins. Expressed proteins can be targeted for secretion through either the general, secretory pathway (Sec) or the twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat). [18]
The expression can also be induced by mechanical stimuli in vascular smooth muscle cells, and is found to be correlated with proteoglycan synthesis and aggregation. [7] TSG-6 has been shown to modulate macrophage plasticity and signal the transition of LPS-treated macrophages from pro- to anti-inflammatory phenotype.
A wide range of neuronal stimulation have been shown to induce IEG expression ranging from sensory and behavioral to drug-induced convulsions. [9] As such, IEGs are utilized as a marker to understand neuronal ensembles associated with formations of certain memories such as fear, commonly attributed to the development of psychiatric disorders ...
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) also known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine B10 is an 8.7 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL10 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] C-X-C motif chemokine 10 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family.
The tac promoter is, therefore, inducible by IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside), whilst also allowing higher maximum gene expression than either the lac or trp promoters. This makes it suitable for high-efficiency protein production of a recombinant protein. [1]
One result of ATF4 and stress-response proteins expression is the induction of autophagy. [6] During this process, the cell forms autophagosomes , or double membraned vesicles, that allow for transportation of material throughout the cell. [ 6 ]