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Drug tolerance or drug insensitivity is a pharmacological concept describing subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use. Increasing its dosage may re-amplify the drug's effects; however, this may accelerate tolerance, further reducing the drug's effects.
For example, a patient could possess a genetic defect in a drug metabolizing enzyme in the cytochrome P450 superfamily. While most individuals will possess the effective metabolizing machinery, a person with a defect will have a difficult time trying to clear the drug from their system. Thus, the drug will accumulate within the blood to higher ...
Tolerability refers to the degree to which overt adverse effects of a drug can be tolerated by a patient. [1] Tolerability of a particular drug can be discussed in a general sense, or it can be a quantifiable measurement as part of a clinical study.
Tachyphylaxis (Greek ταχύς, tachys, "rapid", and φύλαξις, phylaxis, "protection") is a medical term describing an acute, sudden decrease in response to a drug after its administration (i.e., a rapid and short-term onset of drug tolerance). [1] It can occur after an initial dose or after a series of small doses.
TDM interpretation: an anticancer drug is given to a patient at a dosage of 400 mg every day at 8:00 am. A TDM sample is obtained at 6:00 am, showing a drug concentration of 0.46 mg/L. 1) Regarding “normality”, the result is around the 25th percentile, suggesting a rather high drug clearance in this patient.
Onset of action is the duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to prominence upon administration. With oral administration, it typically ranges anywhere from 20 minutes to over an hour, depending on the drug in question. Other methods of ingestion such as smoking or injection can
[9] [16] Regarding opiates, auditory, visual, or role play of drug sales appear to be the most influential cues. [9] Mood states may also significantly elicit cue-reactivity. Psychophysiological responses commonly elicited by opiate cues include decreases peripheral temperature and skin resistance. [9] Cocaine cue reactivity is much less ...
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of addiction to nicotine. It evaluates the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence. In addition to this, the DSM-5 for tobacco use disorder can be used by physicians and nurse practitioners to make a diagnosis.