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Publication bias can be contained through better-powered studies, enhanced research standards, and careful consideration of true and non-true relationships. [46] Better-powered studies refer to large studies that deliver definitive results or test major concepts and lead to low-bias meta-analysis.
A funnel plot is a graph designed to check for the existence of publication bias; funnel plots are commonly used in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. In the absence of publication bias, it assumes that studies with high precision will be plotted near the average, and studies with low precision will be spread evenly on both sides of the ...
If sufficiently many scientists study a phenomenon, some will find statistically significant results by chance, and these are the experiments submitted for publication. Additionally, papers showing positive results may be more appealing to editors. [3] This problem is known as positive results bias, a type of publication bias. To combat this ...
The publication or nonpublication of research findings, depend on the nature and direction of the results. Although medical writers have acknowledged the problem of reporting biases for over a century, [12] it was not until the second half of the 20th century that researchers began to investigate the sources and size of the problem of reporting biases.
Research has shown that volunteers tend to come from families with higher socioeconomic status. [8] Furthermore, another study shows that women are more probable to volunteer for studies than men. [9] Funding bias may lead to the selection of outcomes, test samples, or test procedures that favor a study's financial sponsor. [10]
In addition to the main result, Ioannidis lists six corollaries for factors that can influence the reliability of published research. Research findings in a scientific field are less likely to be true, the smaller the studies conducted. the smaller the effect sizes. the greater the number and the lesser the selection of tested relationships.
Funding bias, also known as sponsorship bias, funding outcome bias, funding publication bias, and funding effect, is a tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies.
Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...