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Thin-film interference is a natural phenomenon in which light waves reflected by the upper and lower boundaries of a thin film interfere with one another, increasing reflection at some wavelengths and decreasing it at others. When white light is incident on a thin film, this effect produces colorful reflections.
Thin-film optics is the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials. [1] In order to exhibit thin-film optics, the thickness of the layers of material must be similar to the coherence length ; for visible light it is most often observed between 200 and 1000 nm of thickness.
As expressed in the equation 3, the optical path length difference (OPD) can be related to wavelengths which constructively interfere in the thin film. As a result, light which enters the film at different angles interferes with itself varying amounts, produces an intensity gradient for narrowband light, and a spectrum gradient for white light.
The OPD can be calculated from the following equation: = where d 1 and d 2 are the distances of the ray passing through medium 1 or 2, n 1 is the greater refractive index (e.g., glass) and n 2 is the smaller refractive index (e.g., air).
The separation is the inverse of the maximum OPD. For example, a maximum OPD of 2 cm results in a separation of 0.5 cm −1. This is the spectral resolution in the sense that the value at one point is independent of the values at adjacent points. Most instruments can be operated at different resolutions by choosing different OPD's.
A thin film is a layer of materials ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness. [1] The controlled synthesis of materials as thin films (a process referred to as deposition) is a fundamental step in many applications.
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is an epitaxy method for thin-film deposition of single crystals. MBE is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices , including transistors . [ 1 ] MBE is used to make diodes and MOSFETs (MOS field-effect transistors ) at microwave frequencies, and to manufacture the lasers used to read optical discs ...
Flat panel display manufactures have found use for MIM TFDs as switches in active matrix technology such as active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD). Historically in AMLCDs the switching device of choice for pixels has been the thin-film transistor (TFT), however MIM TFD based displays have had some commercial success as they are simpler to make; only requiring two to three photo ...