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Historically, the jizya tax has been understood in Islam as a fee for protection provided by the Muslim ruler to non-Muslims, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state, and as material proof of the non-Muslims' allegiance to the Muslim ...
(in Indonesian) Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Hukum Jinayat, the latest revision (2014) of the law governing Islamic criminal law in Aceh. (in Indonesian) Statistik Perkara Jinayat Archived 2018-04-28 at the Wayback Machine. Statistics of cases decided under the Islamic criminal law, compiled by the Aceh sharia courts.
The Waqf Agency of Indonesia (Indonesian: Badan Wakaf Indonesia; BWI) is an independent non-structural agency in Indonesia responsible for advancing and developing waqf activities (Islamic endowment) within the country. [1]
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However, khums was treated as a concept and the share of booty transferred to the Islamic state was 50%. For example, in 1919, the West African Muslim ruler Hamman Yaji recorded the following in his diary, [25] "I raided the pagans of Rowa and captured 50 cattle and 33 slaves. We calculated my fifth share [khums] as 17 slaves and 25 cattle."
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[25] Other sources ( Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World , Timur Kuran), do not agree, and state that the giving and taking of interest continued in Muslim society "at times through the use of legal ruses ( ḥiyal ), often more or less openly," [ 26 ] including during the Ottoman Empire.
In the twenty-first century, some Muslim Islamic scholars have warned against lending "legitimacy to non-Muslim scholars’ understanding about Islam" by engaging with them, and that even a rigorously scholarly academic work on Islam such as the Brill Encyclopedia of Islam "is filled with insults and disparaging remarks about the Qur’an". [31]