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An abrasion is a partial thickness wound caused by damage to the skin. [1] It can be superficial involving only the epidermis to deep, involving the deep dermis. Abrasions usually involve minimal bleeding. [ 2 ]
Excoriation: A punctate or linear abrasion produced by mechanical means (often scratching), usually involving only the epidermis, but commonly reaching the papillary dermis. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] Ulcer : An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis.
There have been many different theories regarding the causes of excoriation disorder, including biological and environmental factors. [10]A common hypothesis is that excoriation disorder is often a coping mechanism to deal with elevated levels of turmoil, boredom, anxiety, or stress within the individual, and that the individual has an impaired stress response.
Abrasion — Also called a graze, this is caused by transverse action of a foreign object against the skin, and usually does not penetrate below the epidermis. Excoriation — In common with Abrasion, this is caused by mechanical destruction of the skin, although it usually has an underlying medical cause.
However, due to the stigma associated with chronic scratching, some patients will not admit to chronic rubbing or abrasion. The skin may become thickened and hyperpigmented (lichenified) as a direct result of chronic excoriation. [3] Typically this period of increased scratching is associated with stressors.
In brachial plexus avulsions, the brachial plexus (a bundle of nerves that communicates signals between the spine and the arms, shoulders, and hands) is torn from its attachment to the spinal cord. One common cause of brachial plexus avulsions is when a baby's shoulders rotate in the birth canal during delivery, which causes the brachial plexus ...
The midwife (or obstetrician) supports the perineal tissue with one hand as soon as the head stretches. The other hand rests on the baby's head and regulates its speed of passage (so-called head brake). At the same time, the woman giving birth is guided to push along slowly and in a well-dosed manner.
Pressure ulcers can trigger other ailments, cause considerable suffering, and can be expensive to treat. Some complications include autonomic dysreflexia, bladder distension, bone infection, pyarthrosis, sepsis, amyloidosis, anemia, urethral fistula, gangrene and very rarely malignant transformation (Marjolin's ulcer – secondary carcinomas in chronic wounds).