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Max volume size: FAT12: 32 MB (256 MB for 64 KB clusters) FAT16: 2 GB (4 GB for 64 KB clusters) FAT32: 2 TB (16 TB for 4 KB sectors) Max file size: 4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GB - 1) with FAT16B and FAT32 [1] Max no. of files: FAT12: 4,068 for 8 KB clusters FAT16: 65,460 for 32 KB clusters FAT32: 268,173,300 for 32 KB clusters: Max filename length
The limit on partition size was dictated by the 8-bit signed count of sectors per cluster, which originally had a maximum power-of-two value of 64. With the standard hard disk sector size of 512 bytes, this gives a maximum of 32 KB cluster size, thereby fixing the "definitive" limit for the FAT16 partition size at 2 GB for sector size 512.
No limit defined [cf] 16 EiB (18.44 EB) 281,474,976,710,656 YiB (2 128 bytes) 2 128: File system Maximum filename length Allowable characters in directory entries [cc] Maximum pathname length Maximum file size Maximum volume size [cd] Max number of files
The Hierarchical File System groups these logical blocks into allocation blocks, which can contain one or more logical blocks, depending on the total size of the volume. HFS uses a 16-bit value to address allocation blocks, limiting the number of allocation blocks to 65,535 (2 16-1). Five structures make up an HFS volume:
Max volume size: 8 exabyte [1] Max file size: 8 EB [2] Max no. of files: 4,294,967,295 (2 32 − 1) Max filename length: 255 characters (255 UTF-16 encoding units, normalized to Apple-modified variant of Unicode Normalization Format D) Allowed filename characters: Unicode, any character, including NUL. OS APIs may limit some characters for ...
If the actual size of the disk exceeds the maximum partition size representable using the legacy 32-bit LBA entries in the MBR partition table, the recorded size of this partition is clipped at the maximum, thereby ignoring the rest of the disk. This amounts to a maximum reported size of 2 TiB, assuming a disk with 512 bytes per sector (see 512e).
As mass storage devices moved to the Advanced Format of 4 kilobyte per block the actual limit of that file system format is at 8 or 16 terabyte. [21] Handling larger disk partitions requires the usage of a different file system like XFS which was designed with 64-bit inodes from the start allowing for exabyte files and partitions.
As the length of a file's extent on disc is stored in a 32 bit value, [20] it allows for a maximum length of just over 4.2 GB (more precisely, one byte less than 4 GiB). It is possible to circumvent this limitation by using the multi-extent (fragmentation) feature of ISO 9660 Level 3 to create ISO 9660 file systems and single files up to 8 TB.