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Enamines act as nucleophiles that require less acid/base activation for reactivity than their enolate counterparts. They have also been shown to offer a greater selectivity with less side reactions. There is a gradient of reactivity among different enamine types, with a greater reactivity offered by ketone enamines than their aldehyde ...
Normal bases are also nucleophiles, but often chemists seek the proton-removing ability of a base without any other functions. Typical non-nucleophilic bases are bulky, such that protons can attach to the basic center but alkylation and complexation is inhibited.
Amine. In chemistry, amines (/ ə ˈ m iː n, ˈ æ m iː n /, [1] [2] UK also / ˈ eɪ m iː n / [3]) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.Formally, amines are derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 (in which the bond angle between the nitrogen and hydrogen is 107°), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an ...
Free base (freebase, free-base) is a descriptor for the neutral form of an amine commonly used in reference to illicit drugs. The amine is often an alkaloid , such as nicotine , cocaine , morphine , and ephedrine , or derivatives thereof.
A nitrogen bound to both a good electrofuge and a good nucleofuge is known as a nitrenoid (for its resemblance to a nitrene). [2] Nitrenes lack a full octet of electrons are thus highly electrophilic; nitrenoids exhibit analogous behavior and are often good substrates for electrophilic amination reactions.
Nucleophiles, or bases, that were polarizable, with large α values, were categorized as “soft”, and nucleophiles that were non-polarizable, with large β and small α values, were categorized as “hard”. The Edwards equation parameters have since been used to help categorize acids and bases as hard or soft, due to the approach's simplicity.
Imine are oxidized with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) to give an oxaziridines. Imines are intermediates in the alkylation of amines with formic acid in the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction. A rearrangement in carbohydrate chemistry involving an imine is the Amadori rearrangement.
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