Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Congruence modulo m is a congruence relation, meaning that it is an equivalence relation that is compatible with the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Congruence modulo m is denoted a ≡ b (mod m). The parentheses mean that (mod m) applies to the entire equation, not just to the right-hand side (here, b).
Congruence relation. In abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure in the sense that algebraic operations done with equivalent elements will yield equivalent elements. [1]
Modular multiplicative inverse. In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. [1] In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as.
In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation. Given two positive numbers a and n , a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n ) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n , where a is the dividend and n is the divisor .
In number theory, Euler's theorem (also known as the Fermat–Euler theorem or Euler's totient theorem) states that, if n and a are coprime positive integers, then is congruent to modulo n, where denotes Euler's totient function; that is. {\displaystyle a^ {\varphi (n)}\equiv 1 {\pmod {n}}.} In 1736, Leonhard Euler published a proof of Fermat's ...
Integers in the same congruence class a ≡ b (mod n) satisfy gcd(a, n) = gcd(b, n); hence one is coprime to n if and only if the other is. Thus the notion of congruence classes modulo n that are coprime to n is well-defined. Since gcd(a, n) = 1 and gcd(b, n) = 1 implies gcd(ab, n) = 1, the set of classes coprime to n is closed under ...
An equivalence relation on a set is a binary relation on satisfying the three properties: [1] for all (reflexivity), implies for all (symmetry), if and then for all (transitivity). The equivalence class of an element is defined as [2] The word "class" in the term "equivalence class" may generally be considered as a synonym of "set", although ...
In additive number theory, Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares states that an odd prime p can be expressed as: with x and y integers, if and only if. The prime numbers for which this is true are called Pythagorean primes. For example, the primes 5, 13, 17, 29, 37 and 41 are all congruent to 1 modulo 4, and they can be expressed as sums of ...