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Congruence modulo m is a congruence relation, meaning that it is an equivalence relation that is compatible with the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Congruence modulo m is denoted a ≡ b (mod m). The parentheses mean that (mod m) applies to the entire equation, not just to the right-hand side (here, b).
Congruence relation. In abstract algebra, a congruence relation (or simply congruence) is an equivalence relation on an algebraic structure (such as a group, ring, or vector space) that is compatible with the structure in the sense that algebraic operations done with equivalent elements will yield equivalent elements. [1]
Modular form. In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane, , that satisfies: a kind of functional equation with respect to the group action of the modular group, and a growth condition. The theory of modular forms therefore belongs to complex analysis. The main importance of the theory is its ...
In 1973, Pierre Deligne and Michael Rapoport showed that the ring of modular forms M(Γ) is finitely generated when Γ is a congruence subgroup of SL(2, Z). [2]In 2003, Lev Borisov and Paul Gunnells showed that the ring of modular forms M(Γ) is generated in weight at most 3 when is the congruence subgroup () of prime level N in SL(2, Z) using the theory of toric modular forms. [3]
Modular multiplicative inverse. In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. [1] In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as.
n. In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought of as the congruence classes, also known as residues modulo n, that are coprime to n.
Modulo 2, every integer is a quadratic residue. Modulo an odd prime number p there are (p + 1)/2 residues (including 0) and (p − 1)/2 nonresidues, by Euler's criterion.In this case, it is customary to consider 0 as a special case and work within the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of the field (/).
The Ramanujan tau function, studied by Ramanujan (1916), is the function defined by the following identity: where q = exp (2πiz) with Im z > 0, is the Euler function, η is the Dedekind eta function, and the function Δ (z) is a holomorphic cusp form of weight 12 and level 1, known as the discriminant modular form (some authors, notably ...