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In mathematics, especially abstract algebra, loop theory and quasigroup theory are active research areas with many open problems.As in other areas of mathematics, such problems are often made public at professional conferences and meetings.
A quasigroup with an idempotent element is called a pique ("pointed idempotent quasigroup"); this is a weaker notion than a loop but common nonetheless because, for example, given an abelian group, (A, +), taking its subtraction operation as quasigroup multiplication yields a pique (A, −) with the group identity (zero) turned into a "pointed ...
One can normalize a Cayley table of a quasigroup in the same manner as a reduced Latin square. Then the quasigroup associated to a reduced Latin square has a (two sided) identity element (namely, the first element among the row headers). A quasigroup with a two sided identity is called a loop. Some, but not all, loops are groups.
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Given a loop L, one can define an incidence geometric structure called a 3-net. Conversely, after fixing an origin and an order of the line classes, a 3-net gives rise to a loop. Choosing a different origin or exchanging the line classes may result in nonisomorphic coordinate loops. However, the coordinate loops are always isotopic.
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Moufang loops are universal among inverse property loops; that is, a loop Q is a Moufang loop if and only if every loop isotope of Q has the inverse property. It follows that every loop isotope of a Moufang loop is a Moufang loop. One can use inverses to rewrite the left and right Moufang identities in a more useful form:
Fundamentals of the theory of quasigroups and loops. M .: Nauka, 1967. Algebraic networks and quasigroups. Kishinev Shtiintsa 1971. n-ary quasigroup. Kishinev, Ştiinţa 1972. Changes in algebraic networks. Kishinev, Ştiinţa 1979. Elements of the theory of quasi-groups (Textbook on a special course).